C++ BASICS

C++ CHARACTER SET

Character set is a set of valid characters that a language can recognize.

Letters	A-Z, a-z
Digits	0-9
Special Characters	Space  +  -  *  /  ^  \  ()  []  {}  =  !=  <>  ‘  “  $  ,  ;  :  %  !  & ? _  #  <=  >=  @
Formatting characters	backspace, horizontal tab, vertical tab, form feed, and carriage return

TOKENS

A token is a group of characters that logically belong together. The programmer can write a program by using tokens. C++ uses the following types of tokens.
Keywords, Identifiers, Literals, Punctuators, Operators.

1. Keywords

These are some reserved words in C++ which have predefined meaning to compiler called keywords. Some commonly used Keyword are given below:

asm	auto	break	case	catch
char	class	const	continue	default
delete	do	double	else	enum
extern	inline	int	float	for
friend	goto	if	long	new
operator	private	protected	public	register
return	short	signed	sizeof	static
struct	switch	template	this	Try
typedef	union	unsigned	virtual	void
volatile	while

2. Identifiers

Symbolic names can be used in C++ for various data items used by a programmer in his program. A symbolic name is generally  known as an identifier. The identifier is a sequence of characters taken from C++ character set. The rule for the formation of an identifier are:

• An identifier can consist of alphabets, digits and/or underscores.
• It must not start with a digit
• C++ is case sensitive that is upper case and lower case letters are considered different from each other.
• It should not be a reserved word.

3. Literals

Literals (often referred to as constants) are data items that never change their value during the execution of the program. The following types of literals are available in C++.

• Integer-Constants
• Character-constants
• Floating-constants
• Strings-constants

Integer Constants

Integer constants are whole number without any fractional part. C++ allows three types of integer constants.
Decimal integer constants : It consists of sequence of digits and should not begin with 0 (zero). For example 124, - 179, +108.
Octal integer constants: It consists of sequence of digits starting with 0 (zero). For example. 014, 012.
Hexadecimal integer constant: It consists of sequence of digits preceded by ox or OX.

Character constants

A character constant in C++ must contain one or more characters and must be enclosed in single quotation marks. For example 'A', '9', etc. C++ allows nongraphic characters which cannot be typed directly from keyboard, e.g., backspace, tab, carriage return etc. These characters can be represented by using an escape sequence. An escape sequence represents a single character. The following table gives a listing of common escape sequences.

Escape Sequence	Nongraphic Character
\a	Bell (beep)
\n	Newline
\r	Carriage Return
\t	Horizontal tab
\0	Null Character

Floating constants

They are also called real constants. They are numbers having fractional parts. They may be written in fractional form or exponent form. A real constant in fractional form consists of signed or unsigned digits including a decimal point between digits. For example 3.0, -17.0, -0.627 etc.

String Literals

A sequence of character enclosed within double quotes is called a string literal. String literal is by default (automatically) added with a special character ‘\0' which denotes the end of the string. Therefore the size of the string is increased by one character. For example "COMPUTER" will re represented as "COMPUTER\0" in the memory and its size is 9 characters.

4. Punctuators

The following characters are used as punctuators in C++.

Brackets [   ]	Opening and closing brackets indicate single and multidimensional array subscript.
Parentheses (   )	Opening and closing brackets indicate functions calls,; function parameters for grouping expressions etc.
Braces {   }	Opening and closing braces indicate the start and end of a compound statement.
Comma ,	It is used as a separator in a function argument list.
Semicolon ;	It is used as a statement terminator.
Colon :	It indicates a labeled statement or conditional operator symbol.
Asterisk *	It is used in pointer declaration or as multiplication operator.
Equal sign =	It is used as an assignment operator.
Pound sign #	It is used as pre-processor directive.

5. Operators

Operators are special symbols used for specific purposes. C++ provides six types of operators. Arithmetical operators, Relational operators,  Logical operators, Unary operators, Assignment operators, Conditional operators, Comma operator