Operators are the symbol which operates on value or a variable. For example:
+ is a operator to perform addition.
C programming language has wide range of operators to perform various
operations. For better understanding of operators, these operators can
be classified as:
Arithmetic Operators
| Operator |
Meaning of Operator |
| + |
addition or unary plus |
| - |
subtraction or unary minus |
| * |
multiplication |
| / |
division |
| % |
remainder after division( modulo division) |
Example of working of arithmetic operators
/* Program to demonstrate the working of arithmetic operators in C. */
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int a=9,b=4,c;
c=a+b;
printf("a+b=%d\n",c);
c=a-b;
printf("a-b=%d\n",c);
c=a*b;
printf("a*b=%d\n",c);
c=a/b;
printf("a/b=%d\n",c);
c=a%b;
printf("Remainder when a divided by b=%d\n",c);
return 0;
}
}
a+b=13
a-b=5
a*b=36
a/b=2
Remainder when a divided by b=1
Explanation
Here, the operators +, - and * performed normally as you expected. In normal calculation,
9/4
equals to 2.25. But, the output is 2 in this program. It is because, a
and b are both integers. So, the output is also integer and the compiler
neglects the term after decimal point and shows answer 2 instead of
2.25. And, finally
a%b is 1,i.e. ,when
a=9 is divided by
b=4, remainder is 1.
Suppose a=5.0, b=2.0, c=5 and d=2
In C programming,
a/b=2.5
a/d=2.5
c/b=2.5
c/d=2
Note: % operator can only be used with integers.
Increment and decrement operators
In C,
++ and
-- are called increment and
decrement operators respectively. Both of these operators are unary
operators, i.e, used on single operand.
++ adds 1 to operand and
-- subtracts 1 to operand respectively. For example:
Let a=5 and b=10
a++; //a becomes 6
a--; //a becomes 5
++a; //a becomes 6
--a; //a becomes 5
Difference between ++ and -- operator as postfix and prefix
When
i++ is used as prefix(like:
++var),
++var will increment the value of
var and then return it but, if
++
is used as postfix(like: var++), operator will return the value of
operand first and then only increment it. This can be demonstrated by an
example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int c=2,d=2;
printf("%d\n",c++); //this statement displays 2 then, only c incremented by 1 to 3.
printf("%d",++c); //this statement increments 1 to c then, only c is displayed.
return 0;
}
Output
2
4
Assignment Operators
The most common assignment operator is
=. This operator assigns the value in right side to the left side. For example:
var=5 //5 is assigned to var
a=c; //value of c is assigned to a
5=c; // Error! 5 is a constant.
| Operator |
Example |
Same as |
| = |
a=b |
a=b |
| += |
a+=b |
a=a+b |
| -= |
a-=b |
a=a-b |
| *= |
a*=b |
a=a*b |
| /= |
a/=b |
a=a/b |
| %= |
a%=b |
a=a%b |
Relational Operator
Relational operators checks relationship between two operands. If the
relation is true, it returns value 1 and if the relation is false, it
returns value 0. For example:
a>b
Here,
> is a relational operator. If
a is greater than
b,
a>b returns 1 if not then, it returns 0.
Relational operators are used in decision making and loops in C programming.
| Operator |
Meaning of Operator |
Example |
| == |
Equal to |
5==3 returns false (0) |
| > |
Greater than |
5>3 returns true (1) |
| < |
Less than |
5<3 returns false (0) |
| != |
Not equal to |
5!=3 returns true(1) |
| >= |
Greater than or equal to |
5>=3 returns true (1) |
| <= |
Less than or equal to |
5<=3 return false (0) |
Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to combine expressions containing relation operators. In C, there are 3 logical operators:
| Operator |
Meaning of Operator |
Example |
| && |
Logial AND |
If c=5 and d=2 then,((c==5) && (d>5)) returns false. |
| || |
Logical OR |
If c=5 and d=2 then, ((c==5) || (d>5)) returns true. |
| ! |
Logical NOT |
If c=5 then, !(c==5) returns false. |
Explanation
For expression,
((c==5) && (d>5)) to be true, both
c==5 and
d>5 should be true but, (d>5) is false in the given example. So, the expression is false. For expression
((c==5) || (d>5)) to be true, either the expression should be true. Since,
(c==5) is true. So, the expression is true. Since, expression
(c==5) is true,
!(c==5) is false.
Conditional Operator
Conditional operator takes three operands and consists of two symbols
? and : . Conditional operators are used for decision making in C. For
example:
c=(c>0)?10:-10;
If
c is greater than 0, value of
c will be 10 but, if
c is less than 0, value of
c will be -10.
Bitwise Operators
A bitwise operator works on each bit of data. Bitwise operators are used in bit level programming.
| Operators |
Meaning of operators |
| & |
Bitwise AND |
| | |
Bitwise OR |
| ^ |
Bitwise exclusive OR |
| ~ |
Bitwise complement |
| << |
Shift left |
| >> |
Shift right |
Bitwise operator is advance topic in programming . Learn more about
bitwise operator in C programming.
Other Operators
Comma Operator
Comma operators are used to link related expressions together. For example:
int a,c=5,d;
The sizeof operator
It is a unary operator which is used in finding the size of data type, constant, arrays, structure etc. For example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int a;
float b;
double c;
char d;
printf("Size of int=%d bytes\n",sizeof(a));
printf("Size of float=%d bytes\n",sizeof(b));
printf("Size of double=%d bytes\n",sizeof(c));
printf("Size of char=%d byte\n",sizeof(d));
return 0;
}
Output
Size of int=4 bytes
Size of float=4 bytes
Size of double=8 bytes
Size of char=1 byte
Conditional operators (?:)
Conditional operators are used in decision making in C programming,
i.e, executes different statements according to test condition whether
it is either true or false.
Syntax of conditional operators
conditional_expression?expression1:expression2
If the test condition is true,
expression1 is returned and if false
expression2 is returned.
Example of conditional operator
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char feb;
int days;
printf("Enter l if the year is leap year otherwise enter 0: ");
scanf("%c",&feb);
days=(feb=='l')?29:28;
/*If test condition (feb=='l') is true, days will be equal to 29. */
/*If test condition (feb=='l') is false, days will be equal to 28. */
printf("Number of days in February = %d",days);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter l if the year is leap year otherwise enter n: l
Number of days in February = 29
Other operators such as
&(reference operator), *(dereference operator) and ->(member
selection) operator will be discussed in
pointer chapter.
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